Higher education as we know it today in the European tradition began in the twelfth century AD and was then for hundreds of years principally concerned with the training of an elite of public and private administrators as well as with some training for the earliest professions. By the mid-nineteenth century it had also taken on, within separate national settings, the role of training of engineers, scientists, technologists in aid of the competitive positions of nation-states in the accelerating industrial revolution.
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